Slow magnetic regulating device



June 1, 1937. A. a. RYPINSKI 2,082,121

SLOW MAGNETIC REGULATING DEVICE Filed Dec. 27, 1929 A Sheets-Sheet 2 High flrmprafu-re caeffi ien vim Low tem rcwtura coeffieior wire Heaf insulation IN VEN TOR.

a, V BY 4362M d ATTORNEY? June 1, 1937. AB. RYPINSKI 2,082,121

SLOW MAGNETIC REGULATING DEVICE Filed Dec; 27, 1929 ,4 Sheets-Sheet s I m Ti. G25 if?! 7 cifiuihi" ii '21 I:

Giraud-172" T215 EYE-.10 g 3 K i i 4 IE1- ITS-.18 motor or Generator I 8 Field wina'urgi' 46 47 g f f kfl :EILE; 2:?- 17 47 M a) ZVVENTOR.

E 5 Circuit, 1" Q 66 53 544 ,L; 21

. 22 21 BY & l W QQ Q I ATTORNEY ircuif, 2"

June 1, 1937.

Ava. RYPINSKI v 2,082,121"

S LOW MAGNETIC REGULATING DEVICE Filed Dec. 27," 1929 4'Sheets-Sheet 4 AE WhA l l 5 5; Circuit, 1" .L; 1 1'7 W 4/,

' 2 i W Aim W 1 W ZTTORNEY/ 18 Urdu-if, 2

-. acc aim inveotionrelates broadly toelectromagnet, reactor or transformer and more particularly to a control circuit fonan electrom'agnet; reactor I coniormwithja predetermined-time period.

. or transformer and; toythe oonstructionyoi.astime controlledv elec'tromagn'et,- reactor. 0r transformer.

Qne of-the objects of myinvention is to. .provide a circuit arrangement; fonan electromagnet,.

reactor or transior'mer by; which the velectromagnetic propertie'syof an electromagnet; reactor or. tran'stormer;may -be contr0l1ed,..in accordance with agiven time. period. v l

Another ob ect. or-myinvention i's' to provide a.

construction ofelectromagneh. reactor or .transnetic characteristics, thereof .:-may bez'made to A further object of my invention is to "provide a construction of electromagnet reactor. oritrans- 3 former and circuit'arrangement therefor .wherein. ,a multiple winding"v is connected. inthe control,

circuit for difie'rential .operation incontrolling ,the magneticpropettiesofr theelectromagnet, re-

actor or transformer in accordance. with a predetermined time cycle.

A still further object of my which the magnetic effect isoonti olled by adif- Ierential change in resistance in theelectromag- .netic windings in. accordance with mined-time cycle.

Still another object; of myiinvention to Ipro-:. videan electromagnetic=system-constltutedxby an; multiplicity of,windin'gs :eachvlhaving diiferent temperature .coefiicients} of resistance for. difierthereof; over. a: definitev time. cycle.

1 ing drawings iniwhichz- Y i Figure 1,is a schematic viewishowinganeleo '5 tromagnet embodying the principles of my -in-Q vention; Fig. .IA illustrates- .the. arrangement of .windings on the"electromagnet; Fig.2 shows an electromagnet including a modified. embodiment of my invention; Fig. 2A shows thewinding'arrang'ement for the form ofeieotromagnet shown in Fig-.22; Fig.3 illustrates .a furthermodified form'of electromagnet embodying theprinciples" of my lnventionwhereinthewindings on the electromagnet are encased within a heat insulating 'coveringiFig. 4 is a schematic illustration Lama-memo Albert'nrtyp ns i;Lammn to gl la d,rpm; I arietta heatin z'1,, 9z 9,i,js;aim. H1531! Q *(0l.171 g 2 0 I lnvention is to providea plural winding electromagnetic system in a predeterentially acting upon said electromagnetic"system... and predeterr'nin'ing the magnetic. properties I ejoirouits ,involved inthe operation of an electromagnet embodying; me principles of my inve t on; Fig. 5 is.,a;diagramishowingcthe cirh m. for: t e. e tromaznetic. :syst m 501 1 my in- .vention; Fig. '6 is alurther diagram showing;- the eonrrectlonsdor. the electromagnetiohsystem of n ntion Fig-1 7.-.1. .1i .st .ates.1aztypecr connec- .i on Qr h v a windin .i t eieleqtromae netic yste oi m mY m-which maytbei em la e e eq o en ts. r ac or r-i ransio Fisd agramma i all u t t -:thetapp a io i. mlfin l l' .'1 1. il9 r; fl IS; s- 9. h ws the ppl c ti o .my in e on: to si n former in; which the rise -ancl.fall-of.;the=tinag lv as e l e-.1 9 u ra sanewhaetnn. Qf: my

1 d s m ti lla hqw athe fina isa r l ver t t mate ha ing; fle dm zt m a in ptheiprin i l itthe laweele t ma ne myt i vnt e i easu emee lyi lifiimt a. method of connection fol-@tlie rea t rs or the S o mai er..- .ty e P w r P work; .I'igi 1!i1 illustrates an application v0t. the

slowielectromaghet of my inveritionto 'areactor employedasa fus'e substitute; Fig. 14 showsthe ow electromagneti of my invention applied to a transformer wherein a resistor inserted in series with one true tWoparaIleled inductively coupled windings 'Fig; j. shows invention applied to a transformer wherein resistors are in serieswithfeacnqf the two paralleled inductively coupled windings; 16 shows my invention as apblieeinihe. primary sy tem r the transformof; Figfl'l" shows a transformeriembodyingmy ,invention wherein the paralleled ir'id'uctively Qcoupled windings are encased'ln heatin'sulation material; a'rid'Fig'Z l8"shows"my inventionap- H ."pliedto aftransfor'merlwithj'a switching device 1 f'Of'tfie'r and further objects .of my invention rea sidef' infthejconstruction ofelectromagnet,.reactor or trzainsformerand circuit. arrangement therefor as-set forth more-fully. in the specification hereinafter following. by reference. to theaaccompany controlling'one of the two paralleled inductively coupled windings.

My invention is directed a; a circuit arrangetivejly' difierent temperature coefllcirits "of resista'nce. "In the eleotromagnet otf m'y invention,

the timeperiod over whichthe electromagnetic properties may build-up or become establishe,dg *and'thereafter decrease-may be controlled. In the'electr'omag'net of my invention, the magnetism may not be established until after the lapse 'ofa predetermined time subsequent to the connection of the-electromagne't in the-control cir.-.

cult. The usual electromagnet is instantaneous in its action, that is, the electromagnet attracts a core or armature practically at the time that the current is simplied. various devices such as dash-pots and beilowsare employed to restrain the core or keeper mechanically for a 5 period of time. In the electromagn'et or my'i'nvention, it is unnecessary to restrain the core. keeper, or armature by mechanical means. I provide an electromagnetic system and circuit in which two ormore winter-m with difierenttem- 10 perature coemcients or resistance are to mutuiiiiyi cooperate upon the.

cas a change and corresnohaisu control the magnetic effect or the windings upon 15 the magnetic system.

perature. While heat is generated as soon as the current passes, it does not dissipate as quickly as it is generated and so the temperature builds 20 up in accordance with time. The less heat dissipated the faster therising Heat insulation is employed in the electromacnetic systent to insure a: rapid rise in mper ture and a .v int rim corlditionwithin the electro- 26 Every slow magnetic device or my invent'iomas disclosed the marble is use: to mechanical movement or not,inhe'rently involves ch rms with time in resistance. inductive nuance; imped- 30 "Ice, and power iactor oi" the windings. also changes with time inthe eIeIctromagr'rEticinduction or transformer effect the in ductive coupling thewindings'. One or the characteristics the slow ele'etr'o 35 magnet of my when from ink is the. no seless operation thereoi. That is, t e a ternating current eleetroinagnet normally sets up a rattle use to nfih gifl'tlc suite the electromagnet normally has at we maknet will quiet. when the wiriningsbecome mutu elective to produce a magnetic at the operatingpoint for the the i v o! in? alternating noise [or is rela- 45 tlveiy short as compared with thenolseless perioils, as the hum does not commence until the magnet reaches ltsoperating cdndition.

r m the electif itt'frfit'ttet oi mjlnvention or me me in which were is o'mszneti m there will normally he no hysteresis eddy current losses and the only losses are due to the resistance or which will he the!!! and vs losses. heating r the is ow and the power factor normally one hundred percent.

The ie'ctrpmaciib't 01' my nuii'ifei'ous atiplications. among which I nc; menthe uiejof the magnet in relays whit open or close only after a time has um the current is increased. n In time switches onfelectric ranges or electric To Motor startersare 'ditencontrolled "by using a dish-pot or other inectlitilcal inesristolhtroduc'e the element .ozti'nie iii the starting or motors. The tiiiie'd lectrcmagnet or invention may be used in association with [such 'dash pot or in other mechanical means; The timed electro- The or the windings is utilizes topm- 'rnewindingsrequire an appreciable time to come up to maximum we eating devices it is flesh-able to have the 'curmagnet of my invention renders such dash-pot or other mechanical means unnecessary. Any class oislow magneticdevilce within the scope or this disclosure may be applied in any way to replace thejusual resistance, reactor or trans- 5 former type motor starters, in which dash-pots or other mechanical timing devices are employed.

In electrical sequence devices it is often necesto control a mechanism through a given order of progression, and the slow electromagnet l0 0! invention is particularly suitable for such as the magnetic condition thereoi may become effective after a predetermined lapse of time subsequent to thesupply 01 current to the magnet circuit. The magnet circuit may then bebroken and can only reci'ose after the magnet windings halve cooled to a predetermined temslow electromagnet of my invention is particularly adapted for signfiashers elimina'ting the driving motor and reduction gear employed in sign flasher mechanism.

Motor orfgenerator field magnets may employ the' prlnciple of the slow 'eiectromagnet in accord- 'ance with. my invention and thus-give speed,

crfvoltsie characteristics varying with temperature in the wi ndings, Starting equipmerit be considerably simplified by use of the slow electromagnet' army invention as the winding or a slow electromagnet may assist the main winding n starting. that is, the mix from the slow electromagnet may be in the same direction as that. irom the main windings, and the total flux at the start would be increased and the motor would draw a smaller starting current i! the extra winding were not present. On alternatl'ng current motors the rotor turns due to a "rotating field" set by the polyphase line current. rrtm's new could be slowed down it would result in a slow speed motor, say 60 RP. M. Such a motorrunriing at one revolution 0 Der sebond is suitable for operating clocks without reduction gearing and slow moving devices use windshield wipers.

, a slnitle motor wound with three diflere'ntial thermal field windings placed as a polyphase winding is placed in an induction motor. It the rotor carried themeans of making and breaking the circuit to the stator windings, the field set up by one set of coils could be made to increaserelatively slowly up to a maximum, 60 be cutofl and the next set switched on, come slowly up. be switched oil and the third setcome slowly up by which time the first set would be cooled'ofl' sumciently to start the cycle over again. This will result in a rough equivalent or the rotatlng field oia polyphase motor and the rotor would follow slowly around;

7 0n alternating current motors diflerential thermal windings maybe used either as main or military windings to increase the magnetic resia'tance of the motor under starting conditions.

In transformer constructions where it is desired to provide a transformer whose secondary voltage increases or decreases with time, the two primary windings are arranged to buck and be afl'ected by temperature. It the bucking eil'ect is equal when the wln'dingsare cold, the secondary voltase will increase with time. If the buck- H18 ire t is equal when the windings 'are at elevated temperature, the secondary voltage will decrease with time.

In reactance coils of the air'or iron core types which are used to limit short clrcuit currents in a power system, thecpils must be sufficiently sturdy to meet short circuit strains. These reactances posed equal windings according to my invention herein in a power circuit and there will be no magnetic field at full load. .Under short circuit;

more compact, stronger, and having less. losses than reactors heretofore employed.

The slow electromagnet of my invention is parthe control of trafilc signals ticularly useful in or traffic lights normally changed at regular intervals. The timed electromagnets of my inven-. tion automatically control the operation of signal circuits in a trafiic system.

In electric clocks,

point of operation of the magnet depends'upon the lapse of time and the rise in temperature, in the windings of th magnet which effect may be usefully employed in the operation of a time mechanism. Y

My invention will be more fully understood by more detail reference to the accompanying draw- I ingswhere I have shown in Fig. 1 an electromagnet wound on spool member I having the tubular,

core portion 2 which receives the two wires 3 and 4 in the form of a twin conductor. The

windings 3 and I each have different temperature coemcients of resistance. The two-windings are connected in parallel and opposed, and are designed to balance by producing zero or nearlyv zero magnetism at predetermined temperature. As soon as the temperature rises by the current passing throughjthe windings it affects the two windings unequally, that is, it produces; a change in resistance in winding 3 and -a-different, changein resistance in; winding 4. Since the line ,voltage isthe same upon both windings. thewindings will now'be unbalanced magnetically and, the core, or keeper, or armature indicated generally at 5 will be attracted. This. result follows slowly and to a greater and. greater extent as the unbalance continues. The electromagnetic system may be composed of two separate supporting spools as indicated in Fig. 2, that is, a supporting spool indicated by reference character Shaving tubular member I. therein and the supporting spool 8 having tubular member 9 therein. The

winding 3 is disposed entirely upon spool i and tubular member 1. The winding I is, carried entlrely upon spool 8 and tubular member 9. The windings are opposed. and act magnetically one upon the other in the manner described with respect to the windings which arewound in twin.

formation.

In order that the temperature conditionswithin the electromagnet may be dependent upon the inherent characteristics of the magnet and to avoid inaccuracies which may arise from external sources of heat, I provide a heat-insulating casing l6 for the electromagnetic system, as shown in Fig.3. The spool i having tubular portion 2 thereon supports the windings within the heat insulating casing it. and heat generated within the electromagnet is thereby employed for controlling the operating characteristics of the electromagnet. External temperatures are thus shielded from the electrornagnet system.

. Instead of employing conductors, eachof which heating will rapidly occur and the unbalance will set up a flux-which may saturate a suitable core, the reactor being much.

. ployed;

opposite but in series with winding l1 there is the slow electromagnet of my invention is particularly useful in thatf'the Sandi,

sistance, I may connect the windings of the electromagnetic system in separate electrical circuits including independent resistances of selected values. In Fig. 4 the conductors i1 and i8 are wound side by side on spool I and tubular sup- "port 2 and are separately connected in circuit with different resistance devices. The effect oi. unbalanced magnetic properties may be obtained after thecurrent has beenflowing long enough vtoheat the resistance devices which'is similar to the effect obtained when windings of different temperature coefficients of resistance are em- The windings i1. and II! are equal and inserted a resistance device l9 which has a high positive temperature coefficient of resistance and in series with winding l8 there is inserted a resistance device 20 which has a nearly zero or negative coefficientv of resistance. For purposes of illustrating the principles of my invention I have shown in Fig. 4 a carbon incandescent lamp 20 in circuit with winding it where the carbon lamp has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance and in circuit with winding l1. there is shown a tungsten lamp l9 which has a positive temperature coefll'cient of resistance. When current passes, the filaments heat and .one circuit "increas'eslin resistance while the other decreases.

This effect is increased in a circuit where this combination is in' series with the line 2i. Here the total current is nearly a constant and the relative resistance of'the two paths determine how much each'will carry. When cold the current will be equal in the two branches. As soon asthe filaments heat,'the carbon lamp circuit 'will take more of the current than the other which will unbalance the magnetic effect of the 4 coils and produce a resultant pull on the core of j keeper; The resultant magnetism maybe decreased with time 'insteadofincreasedasj in the j previous illustrations. 7 pr'oportioning the paths that the magnetic, effect This may be doneby so willbe zerowhen hot and unbalanced; and therefore "high, when cold. The electromagnet of Fig. 4 may be replaced by a reactor or one winding of a transformer and the result will be an increase or decrease in the magnetic effect of the windings and a corresponding change in the current, voltage or power factor of the reactor or transformer.

In Fig. 5' Ihave shown a circuit embodying the principles of my invention in which the electromagnetic windings i1 and I8 are shown in opposed relation and each respectively connected in series with the tungstenlamp i9 and with resistance device 22 in the line circuit 2|. For exampleassume the voltage applied across line 2| to be-l00 volts. There are two paths provided for the current flow, that is circuit No. 1 including possesses different temperature coeiilcients of re:

'Ihe current in circuit No. 2, when the series connected element therein are cold, will be: I,=g:=% 2 amperes the current in circuit circuit No. 2; E is the is the total resistance In which, Ii represents No. 1; I: is the current in impressed voltage; and R oi the series circuit.

A tungsten lamp increases its resistance about ten times when passing from room temperature to operating temperature. Therefore when the tungsten lamp l9 becomes hot it may be assumed that the resistance thereof will be 400 ohms.

Under these conditions the current in circuit No. 1 becomes 7 However the current in circuit No. 2 remains the same as the original value, that is 2 amperes as shown in the iollowing equation:

1 I;= 2 amperes In Fig. 5 the device 22 which has 40 ohms resistance is oi zero temperature coeflicient material and any change in the coil windings will be balanced oi! one against the other so the currents in the two windings which when cold were equal at 2 amperes, become .244 for one and 2 for the other. The magnetic eflect of the 2 ampere winding will be nearly nine times as much as the r .244 ampere winding and the coil magnetized. The time element here is the heatin: time 01' the tungsten filament. When acar bon lamp is substituted in the circuit of Fig; 5 for the tungsten lamp I! as shown in Fig. 6 where the carbon lamp has anegative temperature coemcient of resistance, the current distribution in circuit No. 1 and circuit N0; 2 will be the same when cold as was the original current distribution when using a tungsten lamp, assuming that the carbon lamp has 40 ohms resistance which is the Y same as the resistance of the tungsten lamp.

The current distribution when the elements in both circuits No. land No. 2 are cold will therefore be:

' 100 1= =2 amperes T% =2 ampere: The result oi this zero magnetism.

Upon increase in temperature to operating temperature, a carbon lamp reduces its resistance about one-half. Therefore, assuming that the carbon lamp inserted at the position is in the circuit of Fig. 6 is heated to operating temperarelationship is substantially ture the current distribution in the circuits Nos.

1 and 2 becomes:

100 I =3% amperes 100 r 1,: =2 ampere:

As a result the magnetic condition of the coil is unbalanced and magnetism appears.

circuit in that'when the circuit No. 1 employs the carbon lamp, circuit No. 1 overbalances the circuit No. 2. whereas circuit No. 1 using the tungoverbalanced by circuit No. 2. The

sten lamp is time element involved is the heating time of the carbon filament lamp. This time is greater than the time required to heat the tungsten lamp because the rush of current at the start heats the V tungsten filament rapidly, whereas the carbon lamp starts with low current and builds up.

In Fig. 6 I have illustrated the insertion of the carbon lamp 20 in circuit No.

to each have 10 ohms resistance, the current in the circuits Nos. 1 and 2 isas follows:

I IF ='2 ampere: This resultsin zero magnetism.

Assuming the carbon lamp 20 to reduce in resistance to 20 ohms and the tungsten lamp is to'increase in resistance to 400 ohms under operating conditions when hot, the current distribution in circuits Nos. 1

100 I1= =3K amperes and 2 becomes:

100 I,= 144 ampere Circuit No. 1 has now over 13 times as much current as circuit No. 2 and the resultant magnetic efl'ect is correspondingly great. The time here is a rapid increase while the tungsten is heating and a slower further increase while the carbon lamp comes up to temperature. The arrangements described in connection with Figs. 5

:and 6, wherein resistors having different tempera ture coeflicients o1 resistance rieswith each of the windings to alter the cur- Ii=2 amperes' 12:2 amperes The result of this distribution is zero magnetism.

Ii winding 23 .00388 ohm per degree at 20 C. and winding 24 has the same number of turns but of heavier wire with a tem- 55 ohms and the winding in circuit No. 2 rises from 50 ohms to 75 ohms. Under these condi- I 1 .82 amperes I2=' 5 1.33 ampere:

The unbalance of about one-half ampere would set up a magnetic effect. The time element here is the time required for the windings to heat up which may be controlled by suitable design.

Where it is desired toreduce the magnetic pull of a solenoid or electromagnet, or to make the magnetic pull disappear with time, the circuits may be designed so that the circuits in cold condition start with unequal opposed windings and automatically have their relative temperature coefllcients of resistance adjusted so thatthey will becomemore nearly equal or exactly equal for neutralizing the magnetic field thereoi aftcr the lapse of a predetermined time period.

For example, in Fig.7 if winding 23 in circuit No. 1 has a normal value of 50 ohms and winding 24 in circuit No. 2 has a normal value of '15 ohms, the currents in the separate circuits when the elements are cold will be asfollows:

1 I 3 6 2 ampere:

I,= 1.33 amperes This unbalanced condition sets up a magnetic field.- As the coils heat the resistances gradually equalize, that is winding 23 in circuit No. 1 may assume a resistance value of 80 ohms and winding 24 in circuit No. 2 may assume a valueoi' 80 ohms giving a current flow in the separate branches as follows: I

-11 =1.25amperes z= -51.25 ampere:

The magnetism'now disappears and the electromagnet will drop its core, keeper or armature, as the case may be. I

Reactors and transformers may be arranged to have their magnetism disappear as the opposed windings equalize magnetically in the same way as the electromagnet just described.

It will be apparent from the foregoing that an electromagnetic system may be designed to start with zero magnetism and increase.'to start with magnetism and decrease to zero, or if the mag- .netic elements balance at some intermediate point, to start with magnetism, decrease to zero, and rise again. If on direct current, the polarity oi the later condition will be the reverse of the starting condition. If on alternating current, the instantaneous polarity at the final condition will be the reverse of that at the start, that is, the polarity at the initial condition with the current flowing in one direction will be the opposite to that at the final condition with the current flowing in the same direction. These effects may be utilized in connection with any device or system within the scope of the disclosure.

Fig. 8 diagrammatically shows the application of my invention to motor starters in which the supply line LL1 carries current to the motor 30 through the slow electrcmagnet constituted by windings 3 and I wound on spool member I and operating upon armature 5. The motor the circuit to be amperes.

starts after a predetermined time period dependj ing upon the characteristics of the slow electromagnet and receives the full line voltage gradually as the motor acquires'full speed. I

As shown in Fig. 9,-my invention is applicable to sign flashers by connecting the slow electromagnet windings 3 'and 4 in series with the supply line L leading to the lamps 3|. The lamps 3i have their voltage and current controlled according to the characteristics of the slowelectromagnet constituted by windings 3 and I.

' Fig. 10 shows a diagram illustrating a sequence device. The supply comes in at LL. Circuits 32-33 3435 are to be energized and left connected one after the other, with a time interval between each one. Switch 36 energizes slow magnet 31 and also circuit 32. Coil 31 lifts its core 40 after it has heated a predetermined amount. Contact .4! closes when this occurs, energizing slow magnet coil 38 and circuit 33. After a time, coil 38 closes contact 42, energizing coil 39 and'circuit 34. After another period of time, coil 39 closes contact 43 energizing circuit 35. The time elements of coils 31, 38 and 39 may all be diiferent or the same depending on their design and the factors" affecting their heating in use. "Opening switch 36 cuts oil! the supply to the whole combination. After the coils have cooled sufllciently, the operation may be repeated.

Fig. 11 illustrates the manner in which a motor or generator fleld magnet may employ, the principle of the slow electromagnet in accordance I with my invention and thus give speed, torque,

. in the fleld magnet of. the motor or generator.

Fig. 12 gives a'one line connection diagram of reactors of the slow magnet type in a power network. Generators ill'and 5i feed through reactors 52 and 53 into two busses 54 and 55 respectively. A bus tie reactor 56 connects the groups. Feeder reactors 51 and 58 protect the individual feeders. It is obvious that any of these reactors may be the instantaneous type and the balance, the slow type. sirable to have the feeder reactors 51 and 58 instantaneous andthe other slow, or to have both slow and instantaneous reactors in the busor generator leads.

It might be de- V Fig. 13 shows a slow magnet 59 in series with a branch circuit supplying motors and lights 80 from source'L. Assume the full load capacity of Coil 59 would be designed to remain comparatively cool and almost balanced for all currents of 15"amperes or less. Above 15. amperes, heat would begin to build up in the coil faster than it is dissipated. As the temperature rises in the coil, it begins to unbalance inductively and produce an inductive drop. This, in turn, reduces the voltage across the load 00 and'lirnits or lowers the current. A short circuit across the lines at 6| would produce a very heavy current flow for a short time and greatly accelerate the heating, resulting in a very fast choking action. In this way, a coil will result which will not, permit the current to exceed a predetermined maximum except ,for the time required for it to come up to temperature. It will thus be safe to leave the current on the line even with a fault or short circuit connected, as it will be within the safe carrying capacity of the wires.

Fig. 14 shows the slow electromagnet of my invention applied to a transformer having a primary system constituted by the paralleled dis-.

posed slow electromagnetic windings 92. A resistor 63 is connected in series with one of the paralleled inductively coupled windings, the line circuit L is connected to the slow electromagnetic system, as shown. A secondary winding 04 is magnetically coupled with the slow electromagnetic system.

1 1g. 15 illustrates my invention applied to a 10 transformer in which, in addition to the resistor II in series with one of the paralleled connected slow electromagnetic primary windings I, there is another resistor CI in series with the other primary winding of the slow electromagnetic system. That is, there is a resistor in series with each of the two paralleled. inductively coupled windings.

Fig. 16 shows a manner of applying my invention to the primary system of a transformer 20 having different coenieient materials in the windings. That is to say, the windings II and 91 con; stituting the primary system 99 01th:: slow transformer illustrated in Fig. 16 are formed from different coei'ncient materials and are magneticallycoupled with secondary winding I.

As shown in Fig. 17, I may apply a heat insulation casing it to the primary system constituted by the slow electromagnetic windings I! in a manner similar to the heat insulation which I have disclosed in Fig. 3. The line circuit L connects with the slow electromagnetic windings II which are encased in the heat insulation material II. A secondary winding II is magnetically coupled with the windings constituting the slow electromagnetic primary system 99.

Fig. 18 illustrates the manner in which the slow electromagnetic windings wnstituting the primary system of a transformer may be connected in order to change the transformer from a slow electromagnetic characteristic to an instantaneous characteristic. connects to line circuit L comprises a pair of magnetically opposed slow electromagnetic windings 1| coupled to the secondary winding II. A switch 13 is provided in series with one of the two primary windings constituting the system H so that one primary winding may be cut out of the circuit, thereby restoring the transformer to a transformer of instantaneous character. Other switching arrangements may be employed in the transformer of my invention.

Attention is invited to the following patents and copending applications which disclose and claim subject matter related to this application:

S. N. 608,095-flled April 28, 1932, for Circuit controller, now Patent No. 1,972,112, datedSeptember 4, 1934.

S. N. 671,767-flled May 18, 1933, for Slow electromagnets having the same or similar temperature coefficients of resistance materials in differential windings.

S. N. 671,768flled May 18, 1933, for Conductors for slow electromagnets and reactors, now Patent No. 1,972,319, dated September 4, 1934.

S. N. 699,616-flled November 24, 1933, for Motor starting systems.

8. N. 699,617-i11ed November 24, 1933, for Signaling systems.

S. N. 699,618-fi1ed November 24, 1933, for motor control system.

S. N. 699,619-i'i1ed November 24, 1933, for Distribution systems.

S. N. 699,620-filed November 24, 1933, for Are welding apparatus.

The primary system which S. N. 703,313-iiled December 20, 1933, for Electromagnetic device.

S. N. 705,466-flied January 5, 1934, for Slow electromagnetic devices having different temperature coefncient of resistance materials in assistant windings.

The windings in the electromagnetic system of my invention maybe arranged in a variety of diiferent ways to facilitate the temperature reaction of one winding upon the other for securing the desired relationship of resistance in the separate circuits of the electromagnet. Various mechanical means may be employed for mounting the windings in desired relationships and while I have described my invention in a number of its preferred embodiments I desire that it be understood that modifications may be made and that no limitations upon my invention are intended other than are imposed by the scope of the appended claims.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is as follows:

1. In a control system, a pair of energinng windings positioned in opposed magnetic relation, a load circuit connected in series with and in non-magnetic relation to said windings, said windings being formed of materials having different temperature coefficients of resistance and subject to changes in temperature for producing disproportionate changes in the resistances and therefore in the currents in said windings, said windings being initially balanced to operate at unity power factor at one value of current and temperature, and at less than unity power factor at other values of current and temperature, and when operating at less than unity power factor to introduce an inductive voltage drop in the circuit to control the current flow therein.

2. In an impedance device for controlling the current from a supply circuit to a load, a pair of windings magnetically coupled in opposition one to the other, connected in parallel and dis posed in series with and magnetically independent of said load circuit, the resistance of one of said windings varying more than the resistance of the other with temperature changes to alter the ratio of the currents in the parallel paths and vary the resultant magnetism in the impedance device for changing its inductive reactance and thereby controlling the current passing to the load.

3. In a reactor for controlling the current from a supply circuit to a load, a pair of windings magnetically coupled in opposition one to the other and connected in parallel and disposed in series with and magnetically independent of said load circuit, means for altering the ratio of the currents in the parallel paths with temperature changes for varying the resultant magnetism in the reactor for changing the power factor of the circuit.

4. An impedance device comprising a pair of magnetically coupled and opposed windings disposed in parallel one with respect to the other, said windings being formed of metals having different temperature coefiicients of resistance, means for causing one winding to rise in temperature more than the other, thereby causing a change in the magnetism and inductive reactance of the reactor, a power supply circuit, a load circuit, connections for connecting said load circuit to said power supply circuit through said windings for controlling the current supplied to said load circuit, said windings and said load circuit arranged to be magnetically independent of each other.

5. An article of manufacture comprising a reactor made up of a core, two magnetically coupied and opposed windings on the core, said windings connected in parallel of hightemperature coefficient materialv having different temperature coeilicients of resistance, heat insulation between the high temperature coil and the other coil and core, means for causing one coil .to operate atrelatively high temperature while the other coil and the coreoperate at lower temperatures. I I 6. A reactor comprising a pair of magnetically coupled and opposed windings connected in parallel one with respect-to the othe means for causing one winding to carry variably more current than the other thereby causing changes in the magnetism and inductive reactance of said reactor, a power supply circuit, a load circuit,;

means for connecting said load circuit to said power supply circuit through said windings. with no magnetic coupling between said load and said windings, for controlling the current supplied to said load circuit.

7. A reactor comprising a pair of magnetically coupled and opposed windings disposed in parallel one with respect to the other, said windings being formed of dissimilar materials, means for causing one winding to rise to a'higher temperature than the other, thereby causing a change in the magnetism and inductive reactance of "the reactor, a power supply circuit. a load circuit,--.

connections for connecting said load circuit to said power supply circuit through said windings, with no magnetic coupling between said load and said windings, for controlling the current supplied to said load circuit.

8. A reactor comprising a pair of magnetically coupled and opposed windings disposed in parallel one with respect to the other, said windings of metals having different temperature coefficients of resistance, means for causing one winding to rise in temperature more than the other, 5 thereby changing the magnetism and inductive reactance of the reactor, a power supply circuit, a load circuit, connections for connecting said load circuit to said power supply circuit through said windings, with no magnetic coupling between said load and said windings, for controlling the current supplied to said load circuit.

9. In an impedance device whose inductive reactance changes over a period of'time at a specifled current and wherein said device comprises two windings connected in parallel paths, the conductors of which consist of metals having substantially different temperature coefficients of resistance, the method which comprises opposing the magnetic effects of the two windings one 60 upon the other, and causing one winding to increase in resistance more than the other for altering the ratio of the currents in the parallel paths.

10. In a power circuit, a power source, a load, 65 and a current limiting device in series with and magnetically independent of said load comprising a pair of windings magnetically coupled in opposition and connected in parallel, said windings having different temperature coefficients of 7O resistance, said windings being magnetically balanced for all currents below a predetermined limit and being subject to rise in temperature for currents above said predetermined limit for effecting a magnetic unbalance and producing an inductive voltage drop for correspondingly reducing the sistance, constituting means for causing disproportionate changes in the currents in the windings with temperature changes, and heat insula- ,tion surrounding the windings.

12. Inch electric system, a supply circuit, a load circuit and an impedance device in series with and magnetically independent of said load,

said impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature c0- efilcients of resistance, said windings arranged to be heated by the currentiiow therein for altering the current distribution between the two said windings for changing; the reactance of said device.

13. In an electric system comprising a supply circuit, a load circuitand animpedance device in series with and magnetically independent of said load, said impedance device. comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature coeiiicients of resistance constituting means for producing a disproportionate change in the resistance of the windings with temperature changes. for altering the ratio'of the currents in the parallel paths and varying the resultant magnetism in the impedance device for changing its inductive reactance and thereby'controlling the current passing to the load.

14. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a loadcircuit and an impedance device in series with and magnetically independent of said load, said impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature coefficients of resistance, constituting means for producing a disproportionate change in the resistance of the windings with temperature changesfor altering the ratio of the currents in the parallel paths and varying the resultant magnetism in the impedance device for changing the power factor of the circuit.

15. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a load circuit and an impedance device in series with and magnetically independent of said load, said impedancedevice comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature 'coefficients of resistance, said windings operating at unitypower factor at one selected temperature and less than unity power factor at higher and lower temperatures.

16. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a load circuit, and an impedance device in series with and magnetically independent of said load, said impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings being formed of materials having substantially different temperature coefficients of resistance, said materials having the same resistance per unit length of conductor and operating at unity power factor at ambient temperature, and having diflerent resistances and operating at less than unity power factor when heated.

17. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a.

load circuit, and an impedance device in series with and magnetically independent of said load, said impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, saidwindings being formed of materials having substantiallydiflferent temperature coeflicients of resistance. said material having different resistances per unit length of conductor and operating at less than unity power factor at ambient temperature, and having the same resistance and operating at unity power factor at elevated temperature.

18. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a

load circuit and a transformer, the primary coil of said transformer connected to said supply circuit and the secondary coil of said transformer connected to said load circuit, at least one of said coils comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, at least one of said windings having in series with it a resistor adapted to change in resistance with temperature changes in the resistor, said windings and said resistor constituting means to alter the magnetic condition of the transformer with temperature changes in said resistor to control the flow of current from said supply circuit through said transformer to said load circuit.

19. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a

load circuit, and a transformer, the primary coil of said transformer connected to said supply circuit, the secondary coil of said transformer connected to said load circuit, said primary coil comprising two windings connected in parallel and in eflfective inductive opposition, said primary windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature coeiiicients of resistance.

20. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a load circuit, and a transformer, the primary coil of said transformer connected to said supply circuit and the secondary coil 0! said transformer connected to said load circuit, one of said coils comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings being formed of materials having substantially diflerent temperature coei'iicients of resistance and having heat insulation thereabout.

21. An impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in inductive opposition and wound on a core of magnetic material, one of said windings formed of material having substantially zero temperature coeflicient of resistance, the other of said windings formed of material having a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, the difierent coefllcient materials constituting means for causing a disproportionate change in current in the two wind-' ings under load to alter the inductive voltage drop across said impedance device, a supply source and a load in series with said device, said load and said device arranged in conductive relation only.

, terial, one of said windings formed of material having substantially zero temperature coefiicient of resistance and the other of said windings formed of material having a negative temperature coefiicient of resistance, the different coefficient materials constituting means for causing a disproportionate change in current in the two windings under load to alter the inductive voltage drop across said impedance device, a supply source and a load in series with said device, said load and said device arranged in conductive relation only.

23. An impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in inductive opposition and wound-on a core of magnetic material, one of said windings formed oi material having a positive temperature coeiiicient of resistance, and the other of said windings formed of material having a negative temperature 00- eflicient of resistance, the diiferent coefiicient materials constituting means for causing a disproportionate change in current in the two windings under load to alter the inductive voltage drop across said impedance device, a supply source and a load in series with said device, said load and said device arranged in conductive relation only.

24. A reactor comprising a pair of inductively coupled and opposed windings, each winding having a resistor in series withit, one winding and its series resistor being connected in parallel with the other winding and its series resistor, said resistors being formed of materials having substantially different temperature coefflcients of resistance, a power supply circuit, a load circuit, means for connecting said load circuit to said power supply circuit through said windings and said resistors for controlling the current supplied to said load circuit.

25. A fuse substitute for use in a circuit to limit overload and short circuit currents consisting of an impedance device for connection in series with an alternating current supply source and a load, said load arranged in non-magnetic relation to said device, said impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in eflective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature coeflicients of resistance, wound on a core of magnetic material and proportioned to produce substantially zero inductive reactance at all current values up to full load current in the circuit, said windings subject to change in temperature with the current above full load for altering the current distribution to the said two windings for increasing said inductive reactance to limit the current to a predetermined maximum.

26. A maximum demand controller for use in a circuit to limit overload currents, consisting of an impedance device for connection in series with an alternating current supply source and a load, said load arranged in non-magnetic relation to said device, said impedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in efiective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature coefficients of resistance, wound on a core of magnetic material and proportioned to produce substantially zero inductive reactance at all current values up to full load current in the circuit, said windings subject to change in temperature with the current above full load for altering the current distribution to the said two windings for increasing said inductive reactance to limit the current to a predetermined maximum.

27. A constant current regulator for use in an alternating current circuit to hold the current substantially constant consisting of an impedance device for connection in series in said cirtherein, said impedance device comprising two materials having substantially different temper-' ature coefficients of resistance and wound on a core of magnetic material, said windings subject to changes in temperature producing disproporj stituted by materials having different temperationate changes in resistance thereof for altering the division of current in said windings, said alteration of current division producing variation in the impedance of said impedance device for controlling the current in said circuit, said variations in impedance being large in proportion to of said coil, to move said movable core, to alter the impedance and the the current changes producing them.

28. A voltage regulator fora constant poten tial alternating current circuit consisting of an device for connection in series with impedance and in non-magnetic relation to the circuit to be regulated, said impedance device comprising two windings connected in paralleland in effective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature coefficients of resistance and wound on a core of magnetic material, said windings proportioned to change in temperature-and decrease in impedance with increased load.

29. In an electric system, a supply circuit, a load circuit, and a transformer, the primary coil of said transformer connected to said supply circuit and the secondary coil of said transformer connected to said load circuit, at least one of said coilscomprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings being formed of mate ials having substantially different temperature coeflicients of resistance, and means in series with one winding of said pair of windings to disconnect said winding and permit the entire current to the load to pass through the second winding of said pair of windings.

30. Means for automatically altering the current, voltage or power factor of an electrical system which includes a supply source and a load,

said means comprising an impedance device in series with and magnetically independent of said load, saidimpedance device comprising two windings connected in parallel and in effective inductive opposition, said windings formed of materials having substantially different temperature coefficients of resistance.

31. A reactor as set forth in claim 14 in which said windings operate at substantially unity power factor when cool and less than unity power factor when heated. a

32. A reactor as set forth in claim 1% in which said windings operate at unity power factor when heated and less than unity power factor when cooled.

33. A reactor as set forth in claim 14 in which said windings operate at unity power factor at one selected temperature and less than unity power factor at higher and lower temperatures.

34. A slow magnetic regulating device for connection in series with a source of electrical supply and a load, comprising a pair of inductively coupled and opposed windings connected in parallel and constituted by materials having different temperature coefficients of resistance, a magnetic structure having a movable portion associated therewith, the changes in resistance with temperature of said windings, the movement of said magnetic structure portion, and the changes in electromagnetic induction between said windings mutually cooperating to alter the magnetism and impedance of said device over a time period for controlling the current supplied to said load from said supply.

35'. A slow magnetic regulating device for connection in series with a supply source and a load comprising a pair of inductively coupled'and opposed windings connected in parallel and conchanging disproportionately in resistance with changes in temperature to'alter the magnetism 37. 'A slow magnetic regulating device for connection in series with a supply source and a load consisting of an electromagnetcoilwith a movable core,' said electromagnet cell comprising a pair of inductively coupled and opposed windings connected in parallel and constituted by materials having different temperature coefficients of resistance, said windings changing disproportlonately in resistance with changes in temperature to alter the magnetism of said core, said change in magnetism serving to move said core, to alter the impedance of said coil, alter the current in said series circuit and alter the transformer action between said windings.

38. A slow magnetic regulating device for connection to a supply source and in series with and magnetically independent ofa load for controlling the voltage, current or power factor of said load, said device comprising a pair of inductively coupled and opposed windings connected in parallel and constituted by materials having different temperature coefficients of resistance, changes in resistance of said windings with temperature, and changes in the electromagnetic induction between said windings mutually cooperating to alter the magnetism and impedance of said device over a time cycle for controlling the current through the load.

39. An impedor connected to a supply source in series with and in non-magnetic relation to a motor, said impedor serving as the control means for said motor, comprising a core of magnetic material, a pair of inductively coupled and opposed windings supported on said core, said windings connected in parallel, one with respect to the other, and means for automatically varying the ratio of the currents in the windings with time of operation, said variation in the ratio of the currents producing changes in magnetism and altering the impedance of said impedor.

40. An impedor for connection to a supply source in series with and magnetically independent of a motor, said impedor serving-as a motor control and comprising a core of magnetic material, a pair of inductively coupled and opposed windings supported on said core, said windings connected in parallel one with respect to the other, and including materials having different temperature coefiicients of resistance, said impedor having an impedance voltage drop which automatically varies from an initial relatively high value to a final relatively low value at rated current in an infinite number of steps, said windings being subject to disproportionate changes in current as the temperature of the windings changes tor altering the magnetism in the-core for varying said impedance voltage drop.

41. A slow magentic regulating device for connection in series with a source of electrical supply and a load, comprising a pairot inductively coupled and opposed windings connected in par-v allel. each oi said windings having a resistor in series with it within the parallel connection, said. resistors constituted by materials having difl'erent temperature coemcients of resistance, a magnetic structure having a movable portion associated therewith, the changes in resistance with temperature of said resistors, the movement oi said magnetic structure portion, and the changes in electromagnetic induction between said wind-v lugs mutually cooperating to alter the magnetism and impedance of said device over a time period for controlling the current supplied to said load from laid supply. 7

42. A slowmagnetic regulating device for con-- motion in series with a supply source and a load for controlling the voltage, current or power factor of said load, said device comprising a pair oi inductively coupled and opposed windings con nected in parallel, each of said windings having a resistor in series with it within the parallel connection, said resistors constituted by materials having diil'erent temperature coefllcients 01' resistance, changes in resistance of said resistors with temperature, and changes in the electromagnetic induction between said windings mutually cooperating to alter the magnetism and impedance of said device over a time cycle for controlling the current through the load.

43. An alternating current slow electromagnetic iregulating device comprising two inductively coupled and opposed windings connected .in parallel and constituted by materials having different temperature coefllcients of resistance, said windings arranged for substantially completeiflux interlinkage, said windings proportioned to produce substantially zero magnetism and no sound at a selected temperature with current in the windings and to produce magnetism and sound at other temperatures with current in the windings. A

. ALBERT B. RYPINSKI. 

